複合形容詞–最像中文的英文(Compound Adjectives

從前從前,筆者看不起形容詞,因為 Adj 只有一種用法:「修飾名詞」,而且其用法和中文一樣,就是放到名詞前面就好。如今,用心了解之後才發現 compound adjective 超級複雜!此主題雖被分類為「advanced class」,但它的玩法和中文相似–將兩個字合在一起創造一個新的意思。因此筆者認為,就算高中以下的程度也一定能輕鬆掌握,必學!!

影片以「I saw a man eating an alligator VS I saw a man-eating alligator」來開頭,超級有趣!聽說 Shakespeare 很喜歡這種寫法,例如:jealousy is the green-eyed monster = jealousy is the monster with green eyes. 前者的寫法很像中文,也比較有韻味。本文蒐集筆者找到 YT 上講的最清楚(卻沒什麼人看)的教學影片,並筆記摘要,供大家參考利用。

筆者認為,複合形容詞的用法分為三種:


Adjective 基底:

a world-famous brand / a smoke-free store / ice-cold beer/ a gluten-free meal / a pet-friendly restaurant / a power-hungry dictator / a resonance-provocative story / a water-proof jacket / a mistake-prone boy P.S. proof 除了有證據的意思之外,還有「耐…的,防…的」的意思。例如 No household security devices are proof against (= protect completely against) the determined burglar (Cambridge).

此用法把「名詞 + Adj」打包,用名詞來修飾形容詞,使該形容詞更加強大&更加戲劇化!其本體是 be 動詞的變形。例如: a world-famous brand = a brand which is famous around the world.


Noun 基底:

an open-minded person / sharp-toothed unkindness / a closed-minded person / an old-fashioned clothes / a bad-tempered child / an absent-minded person / a blond-haired girl / a broad-shouldered athlete / a cool-headed performer / a hot-headed principal /a middle-aged man / a well-intentioned remark / a cold-hearted robber / a high-skilled detective

此用法把 「Adj +名詞-ed」打包,使這個「形名包」被擁有!例如:an open-minded person = a person who has open mind. (open mind 被這個人所擁有)

a closed-minded person = a person who has closed mind 。其中 closed 是「被關上的」,利用被動式當形容詞,相當特別。如果單純使用 close,那意思會變成「親近的」或者「靠近的」,當然也就不能接 mind 了。

在 well-intentioned 的例子中,well 正常來說是 good 的副詞,所以這個用法似乎不是把 Adj & Noun 打包?事實上,well 也可以當形容詞使用,但意思會變成強調內在狀態(in a good or satisfactory state)的好,也可以用來形容「健康」,例如 He is not well。且注意,well 當形容詞時不可放在名詞前面。例如:He is a well man (X,不可放在 N. 前面)。

例外

noun 基底的例外非常多!然而請注意,通常英語裡面會產生「例外多」的原因,是很多人在用,錯的也多,結果習慣成自然……。總之,所謂的例外,反而是最重要的用法!

數量不加 ed => a six-hour operation / a three-week vacation / a ten-page book / a two-liter bottle / a five-story building / a one-way communication / multi-source feedback。(注意,若數字是描述外表的話,還是要加。例如:a one-eyed pirate / a three-legged insect / a two-faced traitor)

順序不加 ed => a first-class passenger / first-hand information / a first-time user / a second-hand book / a second-rate minister (平庸的) / his second-best suit / third-world people / In third-person narration / the third-largest car company (因為只有一家所以用 the) / a last-minute decision (best / largest 是可以當名詞使用的)

長短不加 ed => long-term memory (長期) / a long-range weather forecast / long-distance running / a short-term contract / a short-range radar / a short-distance ferryboat system

高低不加 ed => a high-quality product / a high-speed space shuttle / a high-tech job / a low-income family / a low-risk way.

full 不加 ed。=> a full-time (part-time) job / a full-length film / a full-scale analysis / a full-size image / (part- & last- 開頭在 corpus 裡就只有 part-time)


Verb 基底:Adj/Adv/Noun + Verb-ing/-ed

Adj 開頭:a good-looking car / a easy-going girl / a ready-made product / a foul-smelling refrigerator

此用法是以形容詞修飾動詞,然後再去修飾名詞。其本體是接形容詞的動作 (Linking Verb),此外,請注意這種動作只有主動用法。例如:a good-looking person = a person who looks good。

Adv 開頭
主動 => a long-lasting ship / a tight-fitting pair of shoes / a quick-thinking kid / a fast-acting pain painkiller / a well-paying job / a free-thinking pioneer / a left-leaning politician
被動 => a well-developed game / a fully-trained police officer / a brightly-lit room / a well-known teacher / a highly-respected woman / a densely-populated zone / a long-forgotten story / a long-standing concern / a long-awaited novel

此用法以副詞修飾動作,然後再去修飾名詞。其本體是正常的動詞用法,分主被動。例如:a well-paying job = a job which pays well. (主動);a well-developed game = a game that is developed well. (被動)

「tight / long / short / quick / fast / free / left」的形容詞與副詞都長的一樣。其中 free 和 freely 的差異在於,freely 是外在動做上的自由,而 free 當副詞時則是抽像的自由。 quickly 也是強調外在的動做,quick 則描述本質上的速度感。

a long-lasting ship 原句是 a ship that last long,為主動用法,所以 Verb-ing。a long-awaited novel 原句則是 a novel that is awaited long,為被動用法,所以 Verb-ed。

Noun 開頭:
主動 => an award-winning movie / mouth-watering food / record-breaking rain / time-saving service / an English-speaking country / a fun-loving person / a mind-altering experience / a soul-sucking job / a life-changing lesson / a heart-pounding moment
被動 => a wind-powered planet / a sun-dried fruit / a water-cooled system / a money-related issue / a self-created problem / a steel-reinforced wall

其他(無法歸納的用法,歡迎指教!)

  • a short-lived worm / a long-lived kingdom => 筆者猜測,應該是屬於「名詞」基底的用法,然後把 life 變形成 lived (然而,long / short + noun 理論上不用加 ed,這邊卻要,所以筆者無法歸納其用法)
  • a laid-back teacher